In electron optics, calculation of the electric field plays a major role in all computations and simulations. Accurate field calculation methods such as the finite element method (FEM), boundary ...

Accurate and fast calculation of heat flow (heat transport) due to fluctuations and turbulence in plasmas is an important issue in elucidatingthe physical mechanisms and in predicting and controlling ...

Display technology is very important for humans to acquire information. However, traditional two-dimensional (2D) display technology can only display a 2D projection image from one side of the ...