Abstract: Surface defects in Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs), which arise during manufacturing, significantly impact product quality and directly influence equipment performance, stability and ...

Abstract: Metaheuristic algorithms have demonstrated strong effectiveness in solving complex real-world optimization problems. This paper presents two discrete metaheuristic approaches for the ...

We are providing an unedited version of this manuscript to give early access to its findings. Before final publication, the manuscript will undergo further editing. Please note there may be errors ...